SC expands definition of ‘acid attack victim’ under RPwD Act

Why in News

On May 4, 2026, the Supreme Court of India ruled that survivors who were forced to ingest acid and suffered internal injuries without visible scars will also be treated as acid attack victims under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016. 

Key Judgment

• Expanded definition of acid attack victims to include:
  • Cases of internal injury (acid ingestion)
  • Even without external disfigurement
• Decision applicable retrospectively from the date the Act came into force (2017)
• Suggested reforms:
  • Reverse burden of proof onto the accused
  • Make acid sellers co-accused in such crimes.

Background Issue

• Earlier definition under RPwD Act was limited to persons “disfigured due to acid attack”
• Result: Victims without visible scars were excluded from disability benefits.

Significance of the Ruling

• Ensures equal recognition of all acid attack survivors
• Enables access to:
  • Disability certification
  • Financial assistance
  • Medical care and rehabilitation schemes
• Strengthens victim-centric justice system

About RPwD Act, 2016

• Replaced the Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995
• Came into force in April 2017
• Recognises 21 categories of disabilities
• Provides:
  • Reservation in education and employment
  • Free education (6–18 years) for children with benchmark disabilities
  • Rights to accessibility, non-discrimination, and inclusion
• Aligns with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), to which India is a signatory.

Sources: IE & PIB