Scientists decode genetic basis of seedlessness in grapes

Scientists have uncovered the genetic and developmental mechanisms responsible for seedlessness in grapes, a trait highly valued by consumers and the global horticulture industry.

The study, conducted by Agharkar Research Institute in collaboration with Savitribai Phule Pune University, provides new insights into how seedless grape varieties are formed. The findings have been published in the journal BMC Plant Biology.

Grapes are among the most widely cultivated fruit crops globally, consumed both fresh and processed into products such as raisins and juices. Seedless varieties, known for their thin skin, sweeter taste, and superior texture, are especially in demand.

Researchers found that seedlessness is primarily linked to pollen sterility. Microscopic analysis revealed that the seedless mutant exhibited abnormal pollen structure, extremely low pollen viability, and an inability of pollen grains to germinate.

Further investigation showed that the female reproductive structures in these plants were significantly smaller compared to seeded varieties. This disrupts the fertilisation process, ultimately leading to the formation of seedless fruits.

The study highlights how both male (pollen-related) and female (structural) factors contribute to seedlessness, offering valuable inputs for future crop improvement and breeding programmes.

Common seedless fruit varieties include watermelon, tomato, and grapes such as Termarina rossa.