Researchers document first human deaths by Caspian cobra in India

Why in News?

Researchers have documented the first confirmed cases of snakebite envenomation and human deaths in India caused by the Caspian cobra (Naja oxiana), according to a case report published in Epidemiology International. Two people in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh died following Caspian cobra bites in 2020 and 2021. The species was genetically confirmed in Chamba in 2019, and its presence has also been reported from Pakistan and Kashmir. The findings highlight concerns regarding the effectiveness of currently available polyvalent anti-snake venom against species outside India’s traditional “Big Four” snakes.

About Caspian Cobra

The Caspian cobra (Naja oxiana) is a venomous cobra primarily associated with Central Asia, but its range has extended eastward into the northwestern Himalayan region. Its occurrence in Himachal Pradesh indicates the presence of a venomous snake species that had not previously been confirmed as a cause of human envenomation and death in India.

The species is capable of causing severe envenomation. Its venom contains potent toxins that can affect the nervous system and other physiological functions, potentially resulting in serious illness or death.

Snakebite and Anti-Snake Venom

India’s commercially available polyvalent anti-snake venom is primarily developed against the country’s “Big Four” snakes—the spectacled cobra, Russell’s viper, common krait and saw-scaled viper. Since anti-snake venom is produced using venom from specific snake species, its effectiveness can vary against venom from other species.

The study raised concerns that existing anti-snake venom may not completely neutralise Caspian cobra venom, while earlier research has indicated limited reactivity against some major toxins in Naja oxiana venom. This highlights the need for species-specific venom research, improved antivenom coverage and rapid identification of medically important snakes.

The study also documented two survivors, including a young man who was treated with herbs. The herb locally known as “Mirchadi” was identified as Pergularia daemia (Trellis Vine). However, the researchers noted that the effectiveness of herbal remedies against Naja oxiana venom requires scientific evaluation.

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